The World’s Gold Producers Are Starting to Hoard Their Own Gold

For most of modern history, the gold trade worked one way: emerging-market mines dug it up, shipped it out (often as cheap ore, more often through the back door), and London and New York did the rest. But that arrangement is now quietly breaking down. According to a must-read report in Nikkei Asia, countries across Asia are moving to capture more of the value from the gold boom by refining domestically, taxing exports and having their central banks buy local production. Nikkei calls it "a new form of resource nationalism", and one that "could exert upward pressure on gold prices over the medium to long term." The two reasons it gives will be very familiar to regular readers: waning confidence in the US dollar as the world's reserve currency, and the fact that dollar assets of countries at odds with Washington have been frozen under sanctions. In other words, the world's gold producers have noticed the same thing the world's central banks noticed in 2022: gold is the one reserve asset nobody else can freeze, and they are sitting on top of it. Below we walk through who is hoarding gold and how, why Goldman thinks central-bank (and now producer-country) demand is doing "nearly all" the work in its $5,400 gold forecast, and why - for now - none of that has been enough to beat a hiking Fed. From Vientiane To Jakarta: Everyone Wants A Refinery Now Start with Laos, which produced roughly 12 tons of mined gold in 2025 (the sixth-largest output in Asia, per the World Gold Council and Metals Focus) and estimates its reserves at 500-1,000 tons. Until now, most of that left the country as ore, "through both official and unofficial channels." In 2024 the government set up the Lao Bullion Bank, which aims to refine local gold at home, raise gold's share of the country's FX reserves, and give citizens a trusted place to store their savings. Laotian PM Sonexay Siphandone now calls gold development "a key priority in strengthening our economic foundation." The head of the Japan Bullion Market Association, who attended the launch event, described the speed of the build-out as "astonishing." Indonesia, the world's 10th-largest producer at more than 100 tons a year, is going further: it announced last year an export tax of up to 15% on gold, effective 2026, because domestic supply can't keep up with local investment demand. Regular readers will recall that we flagged Jakarta's levy (Nov 17, 2025) when it was still in its "final stage," complete with a sliding scale that rises with the gold price. At roughly $4,150/oz, a 15% duty works out to about $620 an ounce, which is a very polite way of saying "please don't export this." And then there is China, the world's largest producer at a little over 380 tons a year (about a tenth of global output), which is also a major importer. As market analyst Jeff Toshima told Nikkei, "As a rule, taking gold out of the country is restricted." More on Beijing below. The trend isn't limited to Asia. Madagascar's central bank has been buying domestically produced gold since the early 2020s under a Gold Purchase Program that its gold operations supervisor calls "the cornerstone of this reserve diversification strategy." Ghana, the world's sixth-largest producer, signed an MoU with the WGC in July to curb illegal mining and make sure "the benefits of Ghana's gold resources are realized by our communities and our nation as a whole." Translation: the cheap ore pipeline to Western refiners is narrowing, and the people who run those refiners know it. "From the perspective of major international refiners ... absolutely this trend will have an impact on their ability to source," Metals Focus MD Nikos Kavalis told Nikkei. Toshima also supplied the historical irony: "Gold from the colonies flowed into London and helped underpin the British Empire's gold standard." The colonies, it seems, would now like to keep the gold. Rerouting gold away from the West to dodge sanctions isn't new either; we noted it in real time right after Russia's reserves were frozen: *RUSSIAN GOLD PRODUCERS EXPLORE EXPORTS TO UAE, CHINA Similar to Turkey-Dubai-Iran gold triangle — zerohedge (@zerohedge) April 1, 2022 The Sanctions Premium The common thread is the one we have been pounding the table on since the spring of 2022: once the US and its allies froze Russia's FX reserves, every reserve manager in the non-aligned world learned that a dollar asset is only as safe as your relationship with Washington. ANZ's Geullim Yum put it diplomatically to Nikkei: as the dollar-centered system "comes under scrutiny, gold is gaining importance as an asset insulated from the political and fiscal policies of any single country." The data back it up. As SocGen's cross-asset team noted in its "China is buying gold again. Are you?" note (available to pro subs, and which we discussed last month), the dollar's share of global FX reserves fell to 57% in 2025, down more than 5 points since 2022, while 62% of reserve managers in the 2026 central bank survey expect it to keep declining moderately over the next five years and 84% expect gold to make up a bigger share of their reserves. SocGen's summary is about as blunt as sell-side prose gets: central banks, "China, among others," are "buying the dips while continuing to reduce US Treasury holdings at a steady pace, as the de-dollarisation theme continues unabated." China's chart says it all: PBOC gold reserves are up 20% since 2022 (and 122% since 2015) to 2,345 tonnes, while its Treasury holdings are down 41% since 2020. China: Officially 20 Tonnes, Unofficially Much More Officially, the PBOC added 20 tons in August, its 22nd consecutive month of net purchases, which Nikkei notes is the longest streak since comparable data began in December 1999. Unofficially, the number is much bigger, which is something we have been flagging since 2024 (and again here, Jun 13, 2025), well before the FT "confirmed" it (Nov 15, 2025): Nothing has changed since. Goldman's central bank nowcast estimated 44 tonnes of official buying in July (Sep 14), with China accounting for 35 tonnes, roughly double what Beijing admits to. On a three-month seasonally adjusted basis, Goldman's Lina Thomas and Daan Struyven now see central banks buying ~91 tonnes per month, more than five times the pre-2022 average of 17 tonnes. Then there's the private side, where the hoarding is even louder. Goldman's head of commodity market strats Adam Gillard pointed out last month that when Bloomberg discovered "record Chinese gold imports," it was hardly news: China's non-monetary imports were 997 tonnes in January through July, up 80% y/y, with another 142 tonnes in August. Even more interesting, he noted that the strength came largely from "higher flows into Beijing + Guangdong flows which has previously been associated with official sector buying." Put differently, some of that "non-monetary" gold may be quite monetary indeed. Gillard's numbers also show who is holding up the market. Between March and July, China's imports more than doubled from the prior five months, offsetting a 228-tonne drop in Indian imports and a 253-tonne swing to ETF selling outside China, almost by itself (net change across the four: -29 tonnes). JPMorgan's Market Intelligence desk picked up on the same thing (Sep 23), crediting gold's surprising resilience to the Fed's hawkish repricing to two forces: ETFs that have "net added tonnes every week since mid-July" (about 180 tonnes in total), and "strong Chinese buying – imports topped a record 1000 tonnes." Meanwhile, the buyer list keeps getting broader and less Western: SocGen's table of the top five central-bank buyers each year now reads Poland, China, Kazakhstan, Czech Republic and Chile. Goldman: Central Banks Are Doing "Nearly All" The Heavy Lifting This is where the Nikkei story ties into the bull case. In its latest Precious Analyst note, "Fed Hikes to Slow, Rather than Derail, the Gold Rally", Goldman kept its $5,400/toz end-2027 forecast despite the Fed's hike, and was explicit about what is driving it: Continued central bank diversification remains the main structural driver of our constructive gold view, contributing nearly all of our expected 23% appreciation through end-2027. ... Reflecting this acceleration, we raise our central bank demand assumption to 60 tonnes/month on average through 2026-27, versus 50 tonnes/month in 2026 and 40 tonnes/month in 2027 previously. We continue to view reserve diversification following the 2022 freeze of Russian central bank assets as structural, and recent central bank conversations suggest the appetite for gold remains strong. ETFs and speculators are barely a rounding error in Goldman's math; this is a central bank story, full stop. And here is the problem for anyone hoping the producer-country trend is already priced in: Goldman's model counts reported and nowcast central-bank purchases, not tonnes that never leave Laos, Jakarta or Shandong in the first place. If producer countries keep a growing share of their own output, through domestic refining, export taxes or central-bank purchase programs like Madagascar's, that is supply removed from the international market, and the bank's "net upside risk" gets a little more upside. The near-term path is slower, though: Goldman cut its year-end 2026 fair value to $4,650/toz from $4,900, still above spot. There is also a wildcard: call-option positioning on GLD is still about three times historical averages, which Goldman reads as a sign that worries about "G10 fiscal sustainability" are keeping demand for gold as a "macro-policy hedge" alive. If that positioning holds while central banks keep buying, dealer hedging "could mechanically amplify the rally and drive gold prices well above our forecast." (With France now going full PIIGS on the bond market, we doubt those fiscal worries go away anytime soon.) So Why Is Gold Down 12%? Because structural doesn't mean imminent. Gold hit a record above